How much human evidence there is, compound by compound
267 compounds. 42 are approved in the US for at least one use, 5 more were approved and are no longer sold there, and 17 are approved only outside it. Of the rest, 28 have reached phase 3 or later, 29 phase 2 and 6 phase 1. 140 have at least one registered human trial. 93 have a trial with posted results. 122 have no published clinical trial, including 43 with nothing indexed at all. Counted from Europe PMC and trial-registry indexing, last computed October 12, 2026.
Counted from Europe PMC indexing, not read by a person; human includes reviews and cell work, original studies exclude both. A human tag comes from the indexer's subject headings and can land on analytical, commentary or lab papers that mention people; clinical trial publications is the narrower count.
| Compound | Status | Records | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | ||||||||||
| Abaloparatide (Tymlos) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 428 | 263 | 124 | 36 | 25 | 11 | Records → | |
| Anastrozole | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 3,041 | 428 | 289 | 126 | 494 | 31 | Records → | |
| C | ||||||||||
| Cabergoline | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 2,577 | 355 | 192 | 37 | 83 | 11 | 1 | Records → |
| Calcitonin (salmon) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 55,788 | 200 | 61 | 11 | 227 | 11 | Records → | |
| Cetrorelix (Cetrotide) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 835 | 378 | 241 | 109 | 140 | 12 | 1 | Records → |
| Clomiphene | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 6,221 | 385 | 206 | 49 | 261 | 14 | 15 | Records → |
| D | ||||||||||
| Degarelix (Firmagon) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 574 | 342 | 177 | 64 | 170 | 28 | Records → | |
| Desmopressin (DDAVP) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 6,230 | 372 | 186 | 33 | 127 | 15 | Records → | |
| Dulaglutide (Trulicity) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 1,469 | 398 | 230 | 86 | 142 | 47 | 2 | Records → |
| E | ||||||||||
| EPO (Erythropoietin) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 7,303 | 415 | 256 | 95 | 1,053 | 25 | 1 | Records → |
| Exenatide (Byetta / Bydureon) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 5,570 | 341 | 172 | 64 | 378 | 37 | 1 | Records → |
| G | ||||||||||
| Goserelin (Zoladex) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 1,916 | 445 | 301 | 155 | 416 | 33 | Records → | |
| H | ||||||||||
| HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) | Clinical use | Approved in the US | 17,801 | 355 | 204 | 10 | 410 | 18 | Records → | |
| HGH (Somatropin) | Clinical use | Approved in the US | 6,969 | 421 | 246 | 59 | 821 | 17 | 1 | Records → |
| HMG (Menotropin) | Clinical use | Approved in the US | 1,720 | 455 | 316 | 74 | 170 | 7 | 2 | Records → |
| L | ||||||||||
| L-Carnitine (Levocarnitine) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 8,883 | 305 | 131 | 32 | 316 | 7 | 3 | Records → |
| Letrozole | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 6,131 | 364 | 228 | 115 | 905 | 25 | 1 | Records → |
| Leuprolide (Lupron) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 3,733 | 367 | 230 | 80 | 521 | 34 | Records → | |
| Linaclotide (Linzess) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 530 | 330 | 149 | 53 | 60 | 24 | 1 | Records → |
| Liraglutide | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 6,214 | 337 | 170 | 68 | 514 | 34 | 1 | Records → |
| M | ||||||||||
| Macimorelin (Macrilen) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 45 | 32 | 18 | 4 | 6 | 3 | Records → | |
| Melanotan I (Afamelanotide) | Research only | Approved in the US as an implant only | 147 | 104 | 49 | 12 | 23 | 12 | Records → | |
| Methylene Blue | Supplement or cosmetic | Approved in the US into a vein only | 4,397 | 357 | 202 | 43 | 343 | 10 | 1 | Records → |
| O | ||||||||||
| Octreotide (Sandostatin) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US Failed when tested for one use | 10,079 | 375 | 212 | 44 | 327 | 25 | Records → | |
| Orforglipron | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 203 | 135 | 36 | 20 | 54 | 28 | Records → | |
| Oxytocin | Clinical use | Approved in the US | 2,380 | 403 | 237 | 156 | 272 | 37 | 1 | Records → |
| P | ||||||||||
| Pentosan Polysulfate (PPS) | Clinical use | Approved in the US | 798 | 292 | 197 | 46 | 19 | 2 | Records → | |
| Pramlintide | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 554 | 354 | 167 | 77 | 64 | 15 | 1 | Records → |
| PT-141 (Bremelanotide) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 134 | 90 | 38 | 16 | 10 | 4 | 1 | Records → |
| S | ||||||||||
| Semaglutide | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 6,586 | 356 | 193 | 80 | 784 | 15 | 1 | Records → |
| Setmelanotide (Imcivree) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 255 | 148 | 70 | 17 | 27 | 14 | Records → | |
| SS-31 (Elamipretide) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US Failed when tested for one use | 511 | 188 | 81 | 17 | 30 | 14 | 1 | Records → |
| T | ||||||||||
| Tamoxifen | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 29,758 | 383 | 245 | 51 | 684 | 19 | Records → | |
| Teduglutide (Gattex) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 417 | 298 | 178 | 29 | 50 | 20 | Records → | |
| Teriparatide (Forteo) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 5,025 | 363 | 195 | 60 | 196 | 32 | Records → | |
| Terlipressin (Terlivaz) | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 1,369 | 416 | 219 | 86 | 115 | 6 | Records → | |
| Tesamorelin | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 132 | 98 | 48 | 24 | 24 | 10 | Records → | |
| Tirzepatide | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 2,931 | 389 | 177 | 64 | 299 | 32 | Records → | |
| Toremifene | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 884 | 368 | 244 | 79 | 41 | 2 | Records → | |
| Triptorelin | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 1,533 | 391 | 255 | 101 | 313 | 13 | Records → | |
| V | ||||||||||
| Vitamin B12 | Supplement or cosmetic | Approved in the US by injection only | 1,410 | 350 | 196 | 51 | 786 | 16 | 1 | Records → |
| Z | ||||||||||
| Ziconotide | FDA-approved | Approved in the US | 432 | 223 | 107 | 16 | 14 | 1 | Records → | |
What each column means
- Compound
- The peptide's name. Click it to open its page.
- Status
- Where it stands with regulators, such as FDA-approved, investigational or research only. Same label as on its page.
- Furthest stage
- How far it has got toward approval, from ClinicalTrials.gov and approval records. Phase 1 tests safety in a small group. Phase 3 is the large trial that comes before approval.
- Papers and trials indexed
- Everything found that names this compound: published papers from Europe PMC plus studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.
- Papers tagged human
- Papers the database labels as involving people. This includes reviews and lab work on human cells, so it runs high.
- Original human papers
- The column to the left, minus reviews and lab work on human cells. The closest count to original research in people, though it can still include case reports and commentary.
- Clinical trial publications
- Published papers that report a clinical trial. The strictest count of human evidence on this page. Red means none.
- Registered trials
- Studies listed on ClinicalTrials.gov that test this compound. A listing alone does not mean the trial finished or reported anything.
- Trials with posted results
- Registered trials that have posted results on ClinicalTrials.gov. Red means none.
- Retraction notices
- Papers on this compound that were later retracted. Blank means none found.
- Records
- Opens the full list of papers and trials for this compound.
Furthest stage is the highest phase of any ClinicalTrials.gov trial in which the compound is the drug being tested, not a comparator. A combined phase 1/2 trial counts as phase 1 and phase 2/3 as phase 2, and withdrawn trials are left out because they never enrolled anyone. Reaching a phase says how far development got, not whether it worked: a phase 3 can fail, and the compound page marks any use that was tested and failed. Approval comes from each compound page and covers at least one use, not every use people take it for. Trials registered only in other registries, such as China's or the EU's, are not read yet.
See also: the research index, the regulatory tracker, and why most peptides have no human evidence.
Which compounds have no published clinical trial?
5-Amino-1MQ, 9-ME-BC, Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3, Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 (Eyeseryl), Adalank, Adamax, Adamax 984, Adamax 1032, Adipotide, AHK-Cu, Amyloid Beta, AOD-9604, AT-7687, ATX-304 (O-304), AZD6234, B7-33, BAM15, Berobenatide, Biotinoyl Tripeptide-1, Bonomarlot, Bonothyrk, BPC-157, BPC-157 + TB-500, Bronchogen, Cardiogen, Cartalax, Cerluten, Chelohart, Chonluten, CJC-1295 (no DAC) + GHRP-2 blend, CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29), CMS-121, Coremend blend (TB-500 / BPC-157 / KPV), Cortagen, Crystagen, Dermorphin, Dihexa, DNSP-11, Dynobactin A, ENDO-205, and 82 more in the table below.
Which compound has the most registered trials?
Gonadorelin (GnRH) (1,164), EPO (Erythropoietin) (1,053) and Letrozole (905).
How many compounds have a trial with posted results?
93 of 267. Most results posted: Dulaglutide (Trulicity) (47), Exenatide (Byetta / Bydureon) (37), Oxytocin (37), Leuprolide (Lupron) (34) and Liraglutide (34).
What does "papers tagged human" mean here?
Counted from Europe PMC indexing, not read by a person; human includes reviews and cell work, original studies exclude both. A human tag comes from the indexer's subject headings and can land on analytical, commentary or lab papers that mention people; clinical trial publications is the narrower count.
Which peptides have reached phase 3 without being approved anywhere?
Amycretin, Apitegromab, Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8), Berobenatide, Bimagrumab, Cagrilintide, CagriSema, CT-388, Eloralintide, Enclomiphene, GB-115, Kisspeptin, Larazotide, MariTide (maridebart cafraglutide), Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), NMN, Oligopeptide-1 (EGF), P140 (forigerimod), Pemvidutide, Petrelintide, Pexiganan, Relamorelin, Retatrutide, Ribupatide, Survodutide, VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide), VK2735 and Zovaglutide (ZT-002).
Which peptides are approved outside the US but not in it?
Anamorelin (Japan), Beinaglutide (China), Cerebrolysin (45+ countries), Cerebroprotein Hydrolysate (China, India), Cortexin (Russia), Ecnoglutide, Imunofan (Russia), Mazdutide (China), Noopept (Omberacetam) (Russia), Phenibut (Russia), Retinalamin (Russia), Selank (Russia), Semax (Russia), Thymogen (Russia), Thymopentin (TP-5) (Italy, China), Thymosin Alpha-1 (30+ countries) and TUDCA (Italy, Turkey).
What does "furthest stage" mean?
Furthest stage is the highest phase of any ClinicalTrials.gov trial in which the compound is the drug being tested, not a comparator. A combined phase 1/2 trial counts as phase 1 and phase 2/3 as phase 2, and withdrawn trials are left out because they never enrolled anyone. Reaching a phase says how far development got, not whether it worked: a phase 3 can fail, and the compound page marks any use that was tested and failed. Approval comes from each compound page and covers at least one use, not every use people take it for. Trials registered only in other registries, such as China's or the EU's, are not read yet.