How much water do I add to SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

You can reconstitute SS-31 (Elamipretide) with 0.5, 1, or 2 mL of bacteriostatic water. Each option produces a different concentration and syringe draw for the same dose. Use the calculator to see which is easiest to measure.

What does SS-31 (Elamipretide) cost per dose?

Cost per dose depends on vial size, price paid, and your dose. Enter your vendor's price in the SS-31 (Elamipretide) calculator to see cost per dose and monthly cost.

What is the reference dose for SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

The commonly referenced range is 40 mg per day, taken daily. This is reference information, not a recommendation. Talk to a licensed clinician.

What are the side effects of SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

Reported side effects of SS-31 (Elamipretide) include: Mostly injection-site reactions.; It is not yet approved.. Severity and frequency vary by person and dose.

Who should not take SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is generally not appropriate for: No formal contraindications were established at approval; Pregnancy, where it has not been studied. Talk to a licensed clinician before starting.

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Decoding

SS-31 (Elamipretide)_Dosage, benefits & legal status

Also known as elamipretide, Forzinity, MTP-131, Bendavia, SS-31, BioAmplify

By the Peptide Decoding Editorial Team

Published July 22, 2026 · Updated August 24, 2026

A mitochondrial peptide, approved in 2025 for the rare genetic disease Barth syndrome.

Mitochondrial energyMitochondrial peptideFDA-approved

InLongevity and energy

Common vial size50 mg

Dose40 mg per day

FrequencyDaily

RouteUnder the skin (subcutaneous)

StatusFDA-approved (accelerated)

MixYour choice, calculate it

CycledNot cycled

Common vial size is what vendors typically sell, not a recommendation. Enter your own vial in the calculator.

What is SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

Plain language first. The technical label stays, but it never stands alone.

Overview

It helps damaged mitochondria make energy again. It also cuts down harmful waste from that process. It is in real trials for mitochondrial and heart disease.

The technical version

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds and stabilizes cardiolipin, a fat in the inner wall of your cells' power plants.

What it's used for

A shot that targets your cells' energy factories to fight fatigue and support aging muscle, heart, and eyes. It is in real clinical trials for mitochondrial disease.

How does SS-31 (Elamipretide) work?

What it does in the body, and where.

SS-31 targets one specific molecule inside your mitochondria: cardiolipin, a fat that makes up part of the inner wall where energy is actually produced.

01
It concentrates inside mitochondria
The peptide is built to accumulate there rather than spread through the cell, which is unusual and is the reason it works at low doses.
02
It binds and stabilises cardiolipin
When cardiolipin is damaged, the energy-producing machinery attached to it stops working properly. Stabilising it restores the structure.
03
Approved for one rare disease
It was approved in 2025 as Forzinity for Barth syndrome, a rare genetic mitochondrial condition. Broader anti-aging use is not what it was approved for.

Pathway

A schematic of the compound's mechanism, not a diagnostic image.

What else is it used for?

Each use below carries its own evidence level. Approved means regulators have cleared it for that purpose. Investigational means it is in trials. Early research means it is being studied and is not established.

Improving muscle strength in Barth syndrome, a rare inherited disease. This is its approved useFDA-approved
Other mitochondrial diseasesInvestigational
Age-related muscle decline and eye conditionsInvestigational
Energy and fatigue generally, which is why most people seek it outEarly research

The published record

Research index

506

Records indexed for SS-31 (Elamipretide)400 papers and 30 trials indexed in detail.

175 in humans, 76 of them original studies.

30 registered trials, 14 with posted results.

FDA: Named as an unapproved new drug.

Browse the records

In animalsPro

In the labPro

ReviewsPro

Senior author sharePro

Counted from Europe PMC indexing, not read by a person. Human means indexed under humans, which includes reviews and work on human cells. Original studies exclude reviews and lab work on human cells.Last updated 12 September 2026.

Compound field notes

At a glance

Four things to know about SS-31 (Elamipretide)

Evidence

FDA-approved

How much, and do you cycle it?

The range, and whether you take breaks.

40 mg per day, daily. Not cycledFDA label

Taken continuously for as long as it is working. Neither the label nor clinical practice describes an on/off schedule.

Compare this against the whole library →

How long does it stay in the body?

The half-life, and where the figure comes from.

Not stated on the labelNo figure

The Forzinity label has no half-life in it. Section 12.3 gives time to peak concentration of 0.5 to 1 hour, 92 percent bioavailability, and near-complete recovery in urine by 48 hours, which points to a short half-life without stating one. The 2 to 3 hour figure circulating online does not come from the label.

You can compare this against the whole library to see where it sits.

How do I dose and price it?

Enter your vial and your dose. Pick a mix. We show the draw and the cost.

The vial holds a fixed amount of drug. Adding more water does not make more drug, it just spreads it thinner, so you draw a bigger number on the syringe for the same dose.

Your vial size (mg)

Printed on the vial.

What you paid per vial

Used for cost per dose only.

Your dose (mg)

Commonly referenced dose: 40 mg per dayFDA label

Choose your mix

0.5 mL water40units · 100 mg/mL

Half a 100-unit syringe

Easiest

1 mL water80units · 50 mg/mL

One full 100-unit syringe

2 mL water160units · 25 mg/mL

Two full 100-unit syringes

your own mL

units · —

Enter your own volume

Measuring the water1 mL = one full 100-unit syringe.

Your draw

160 / 100 units

160 units will not fit in a 100-unit syringe. It would take 2 separate draws, or you can mix with less water so it fits in one.

Full calculator with reorder date →Read a syringe →

What it costs

SS-31 (Elamipretide) starts at $31.99 across 32 vendors, typically $2.30 – $10.00 per mg.

51 listings, last read Sep 6, 2026. Shipping and card fees are not included.

See all 51 listings →

How do you store it?

Before mixing, and after.

Dry powder in the freezer or fridge. Once mixed, fridge, and use within about a month.

Unmixed lyophilized SS-31 (Elamipretide) keeps for a long time cold. Once you add water the clock starts: most reconstituted vials hold up for roughly 28 to 30 days at fridge temperature. Keep it out of light, and do not freeze it after mixing.

What are the side effects and cautions?

Known cautions and warnings for this compound.

Who should avoid it

Check these before anything else.

No formal contraindications were established at approval
Pregnancy, where it has not been studied

Stop and get help

These are emergencies. Seek care.

Signs of a serious allergic reaction such as trouble breathing, swelling, or a severe rash, which has required permanent discontinuation in rare cases

Common effects

Expected, and usually mild.

Injection-site reactions, which are the most common effect
Otherwise generally well tolerated in trials

What regulators say

FDA: Warning letter to Royal Peptides LLC, MARCS-CMS 734884, August 24, 2026: unapproved new drugs, misbranded
Named as an unapproved new drug
Checked 11 September 2026

Where this page says nothing is established, that means nobody has studied it, not that a compound is safe.

Is SS-31 (Elamipretide) approved?

And where the numbers on this page come from.

Yes. SS-31 (Elamipretide) is FDA approved and available on prescription in the United States.

Approval status
FDA-approved
Route
Under the skin (subcutaneous)
Checked
July 2026

What has happened recently

Granted FDA accelerated approval on 19 September 2025 as Forzinity, for Barth syndrome in patients weighing at least 30 kg. This followed a rejection in May 2025. Accelerated approval means confirmatory data is still required.

You can compare this against the whole library, or read how to check a seller.

DoseFrom the drug label. The manufacturer tested this range and a regulator reviewed it.
Vial sizeFrom what vendors typically list; not a recommendation.
Sources
FDA review documents, Forzinity
Reviewed22 July 2026

What else is like SS-31 (Elamipretide)?

Others in Longevity and energy, side by side.

If you're weighing SS-31 (Elamipretide), it's worth reading FOXO4-DRI, Vesugen, and Bronchogen in the same class.

YOU ARE HERE

SS-31

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

A mitochondrial peptide, approved in 2025 for the rare genetic disease Barth syndrome.

FDA-approved

Dose: 40 mg per day
How often: Daily

FOXO4

FOXO4-DRI

An experimental senolytic that clears aging cells, with no human safety data.

Research only

Dose: Research only
How often: Cycled

VESU

Vesugen

A short bioregulator for blood-vessel health and aging, with thin evidence.

Research only

Dose: Varies (course-based)
How often: Courses

BRONCH

Bronchogen

A bioregulator for lung and airway health, with thin evidence.

Research only

Dose: Varies (course-based)
How often: Courses

See other longevity and energy peptides

Compared with

MOTS-c vs SS-31

One has an FDA approval and a failed Phase 3. The other has never been given to a person in a published study.

Read comparison →

Guides for this compound

How to Reconstitute a Peptide
Mix peptide powder with bacteriostatic water, step by step.
How to Read an Insulin Syringe
Read the units, convert to millilitres, and draw the exact dose.
mcg vs mg: The Peptide Dosing Mistake to Avoid
Your vial says mg and your protocol says mcg. Here is the conversion and how to check it.

Sources

FDA review documents, Forzinity(2025)
FDA integrated review supporting accelerated approval for Barth syndrome.

Last reviewed 22 July 2026

Beyond these, 430 records are indexed. Browse the records