MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide, a short chain your own mitochondria (your cells' power plants) produce, that activates the energy sensor AMPK. In plain terms: it signals cells to burn more fuel and use energy efficiently, which is why it is explored for metabolism and aging.
Epitalon is a 4-amino-acid 'bioregulator' from the Russian Khavinson family, based on a natural pineal-gland peptide. In plain terms: it is taken in short courses for sleep and anti-aging on the theory that it supports the body's internal clock, but strong human evidence is thin.
NAD+ is not a peptide but a coenzyme every cell uses to turn food into energy, and levels fall with age. In plain terms: supplementing it is meant to refill your cells' energy currency to fight fatigue and support healthy aging. Injectable NAD+ is compounded, and human evidence is still early.
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds and stabilizes cardiolipin, a fat in the inner wall of your cells' power plants. In plain terms: it helps damaged mitochondria make energy again and cut harmful byproducts, and it is in real clinical trials for mitochondrial and heart disease.
FOXO4-DRI is a specially built (D-retro-inverso) peptide that pries apart a partnership between the proteins FOXO4 and p53 inside aged cells. In plain terms: it is a 'senolytic,' designed to make worn-out 'zombie' cells self-destruct so healthy tissue can take over, with striking animal results but essentially no human safety data.
Vesugen is a short 3-amino-acid 'bioregulator' from the Russian Khavinson family. In plain terms: it is marketed to support blood-vessel health as you age, but there is very little real human research behind it, so treat the claims cautiously.
Bronchogen is a 4-amino-acid 'bioregulator' from the Russian Khavinson family. In plain terms: it is marketed for lung and airway health, but there is very little real human research behind it.
Orexin-A (hypocretin-1) is a natural brain peptide that keeps you awake and alert; people with narcolepsy lack it. In plain terms: it is studied as a nasal spray for wakefulness and daytime energy, with limited data.