This index holds every record Europe PMC returns for the 232 compounds in the library: journal articles, reviews, preprints and patents. Each record is tagged by species, study type and licence using the database's own indexing. Nothing here is written by us. Every entry is a real document with a real identifier, stored exactly as the source returned it.
The classifications are automatic and are labelled as such. Where a record has no indexing, it is marked unknown rather than guessed. Records not in English are counted but have not been read.
Retractions, withdrawals and expressions of concern are shown free on every compound page. The record-level search is part of Pro.
- Compounds indexed
- 231Compounds indexed
- Records
- 336,107Records
- No human study
- 17No human study
- Nothing published
- 36Nothing published
Where the evidence comes from one lab
15 compoundsA high share means most of what is published about a compound comes from a single research group. That is not a verdict on the work. It is a reason to look for independent replication before trusting the numbers. The last column shows who wrote the most-cited paper. When it is the same name, the field's attention and its output come from the same place.
| Compound | Records | Senior author | Share | Most cited by | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB-115 | 28 | Seredenin SB | 68% | Seredenin SB | |
| BPC-157 | 235 | Sikiric P | 41% | Marović A | |
| Davunetide (NAP) | 185 | Gozes I | 30% | Gozes I | |
| Pancragen | 20 | Ryzhak Galina Anatolievna | 25% | Vanyushin BF | |
| SHLP2 | 27 | Cohen P | 22% | Cohen P | |
| Thymosin Beta-15 | 42 | Bao Lere | 21% | Zetter BR | |
| PNC-27 | 25 | Bowne WB | 20% | Lu X | |
| Noopept (Omberacetam) | 113 | Seredenin SB | 19% | Busciglio J | |
| Ecnoglutide | 31 | Pan H | 16% | Mantzoros CS | |
| Macimorelin (Macrilen) | 44 | Christ-Crain M | 16% | Wei GW | |
| Selank | 71 | Myasoedov NF | 16% | Myasoedov NF | |
| GHRP-1 | 66 | Lefker Bruce Allen | 15% | Camanni F | |
| Pemvidutide | 34 | Harris MS | 15% | Harris MS | |
| Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4) | 55 | Hamley IW | 14% | Bissett DL | |
| CJC-1295 with DAC | 39 | Thevis M | 13% | Thevis M |
A trial that was registered and never posted results is not evidence. It is a question.
Registered trials, and how many reported
| Compound | Registered | With results | Stopped | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gonadorelin (GnRH) | 1157 | 38 | 12 | |
| EPO (Erythropoietin) | 1051 | 34 | 15 | |
| Letrozole | 902 | 17 | 8 | |
| HGH (Somatropin) | 820 | 22 | 16 | |
| Semaglutide | 760 | 9 | 1 | |
| Tamoxifen | 682 | 17 | 14 | |
| Leuprolide (Lupron) | 519 | 34 | 9 | |
| Liraglutide | 514 | 28 | 10 | |
| Anastrozole | 494 | 24 | 16 | |
| Goserelin (Zoladex) | 416 | 28 | 11 | |
| HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) | 408 | 12 | 6 | |
| Exenatide (Byetta / Bydureon) | 378 | 34 | 7 | |
| Methylene Blue | 338 | 11 | 4 | |
| L-Carnitine (Levocarnitine) | 314 | 9 | 9 | |
| Triptorelin | 312 | 15 | 8 |
A determination is a regulator's published position on a specific compound. Read the document; the summary here is ours.
Where regulators have ruled
| Document | Issuer | Date | Compounds covered | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warning letter to Royal Peptides LLC, MARCS-CMS 734884, August 24, 2026: unapproved new drugs, misbranded | FDA | 2026-08-24 | Retatrutide (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), PT-141 (Bremelanotide) (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Semaglutide (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Tesamorelin (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin blend (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Tirzepatide (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), SS-31 (Elamipretide) (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)) | |
| Warning letter to Wholesale Peptide, MARCS-CMS 729447, June 17, 2026: unapproved new drugs | FDA | 2026-06-17 | Prostamax (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Wholesale Peptide, June 2026)), Gonadorelin (GnRH) (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Wholesale Peptide, June 2026)) | |
| Import Alert 66-41: Detention Without Physical Examination of Unapproved New Drugs Promoted in the U.S., revised May 19, 2026 | FDA | 2026-05-19 | Triptorelin (Named on the alert), Melanotan II (Named on the alert (Melanotan I and II)), Melanotan I (Afamelanotide) (Named on the alert (Melanotan I and II)) | |
| Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A (interim categories 1, 2, 3), updated May 14, 2026 | FDA | 2026-05-14 | Kisspeptin (Category 2), GHK (copper-free) (Category 1, except injectable routes), GHK-Cu (Category 1, except injectable routes), GHRP-2 (Category 3), GHRP-6 (Category 3), Glutathione (Category 1), Enclomiphene (Category 1), MGF (Mechano Growth Factor) (Category 3), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (Category 2), NAD+ (Category 1), Thymulin (Category 3), VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) (Category 1), ARA-290 (Cibinetide) (Category 3) | |
| Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks (category 2 and withdrawn nominations), current as of April 22, 2026 | FDA | 2026-04-22 | BPC-157 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2 (503A)), CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), CJC-1295 with DAC (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Dihexa (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Epitalon (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), GHK-Cu (Injectable route: nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), GHRP-2 (In category 2 (503B), injectable and nasal routes), GHRP-6 (In category 2 (503B)), Ipamorelin (In category 2 (503B); nomination withdrawn from 503A), Kisspeptin (In category 2 (503A)), KPV (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), LL-37 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Melanotan II (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (In category 2 (503A and 503B)), MOTS-c (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), PEG-MGF (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Selank (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Semax (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Thymosin Alpha-1 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), AOD-9604 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2) | |
| Zepbound (tirzepatide) injection, prescribing information, DailyMed, revised April 2026 | FDA via DailyMed | 2026-04-22 | Tirzepatide (Indicated in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity to reduce excess body weight and maintain weight reduction long term in adults with obesity or adults with overweight in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbid condition; to treat moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity) | |
| World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026, in effect 1 January 2026 | WADA | 2025-09-11 | Sermorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (sermorelin named). Non-Specified.), ACE-031 (Ramatercept) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Agents preventing activin receptor IIB activation: decoy activin receptors (e.g. ACE-031). Non-Specified.), AICAR (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.4.1 Metabolic modulators: activators of AMPK, e.g. AICAR. Non-Specified.), Anastrozole (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.1 Aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole named). Specified Substance.), AOD-9604 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.3 growth hormone fragments, e.g. AOD-9604 and hGH 176-191. Non-Specified.), Apitegromab (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Myostatin- or precursor-neutralizing antibodies (e.g. apitegromab). Non-Specified.), Bimagrumab (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Anti-activin receptor IIB antibodies (e.g. bimagrumab). Non-Specified.), BPC-157 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S0 Non-approved substances: named as an example. Specified Substance.), CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (e.g. CJC-1293, CJC-1295, sermorelin and tesamorelin). Non-Specified.), CJC-1295 with DAC (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (e.g. CJC-1293, CJC-1295, sermorelin and tesamorelin). Non-Specified.), Clomiphene (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.2 Anti-estrogenic substances (clomifene named). Specified Substance.), Desmopressin (DDAVP) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S5 Diuretics and masking agents (desmopressin named). Specified Substance.), Enclomiphene (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.2 Anti-estrogenic substances; clomifene named, and the class covers substances with a similar chemical structure. Specified Substance.), EPO (Erythropoietin) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.1 Erythropoietins (EPO) and agents affecting erythropoiesis: erythropoietin receptor agonists, e.g. erythropoietins (EPO). Non-Specified.), Follistatin (FST-344) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Myostatin-binding proteins (e.g. follistatin, myostatin propeptide). Non-Specified.), GHRP-1 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-1 named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-2 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-3 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-3 named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-4 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-4 named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-6 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-6 named). Non-Specified.), Gonadorelin (GnRH) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH, gonadorelin). Non-Specified.), HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: chorionic gonadotrophin (CG). Non-Specified.), Hexarelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (examorelin (hexarelin) named). Non-Specified.), HGH (Somatropin) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.3 Growth hormone (GH), its analogues and fragments. Non-Specified.), HGH Fragment 176-191 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.3 growth hormone fragments, e.g. AOD-9604 and hGH 176-191. Non-Specified.), IGF-1 DES (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, mecasermin) and its analogues. Non-Specified.), IGF-1 LR3 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, mecasermin) and its analogues. Non-Specified.), Ipamorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and their mimetics (ipamorelin named). Non-Specified.), Kisspeptin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: kisspeptin and its agonist analogues. Non-Specified.), Letrozole (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.1 Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole named). Specified Substance.), Macimorelin (Macrilen) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and their mimetics (macimorelin named). Non-Specified.), MGF (Mechano Growth Factor) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Mechano growth factors (MGFs). Non-Specified.), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and their mimetics (ibutamoren (MK-677) named). Non-Specified.), MOTS-c (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.4.1 Metabolic modulators: activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), e.g. mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c). Non-Specified.), PEG-MGF (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Mechano growth factors (MGFs). Non-Specified.), Tamoxifen (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.2 Anti-estrogenic substances (tamoxifen named). Specified Substance.), TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Thymosin-beta4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500. Non-Specified.), Tesamorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (tesamorelin named). Non-Specified.), Tesofensine (Prohibited in competition. S6.B Specified stimulants (tesofensine named).), Trevogrumab (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Myostatin inhibitors; the list names other myostatin-neutralizing antibodies and covers the class. Non-Specified.), Triptorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: GnRH agonist analogue (triptorelin named). Non-Specified.) | |
| Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503B (interim categories 1, 2, 3), updated March 21, 2025 | FDA | 2025-03-21 | Thymosin Alpha-1 (Category 3), Sermorelin (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug), Oxytocin (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug), NAD+ (Category 1), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (Category 2), Ipamorelin (Category 2), Gonadorelin (GnRH) (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug), Glutathione (Category 1), GHRP-6 (Category 2), GHRP-2 (Category 1 except injectable and nasal routes; Category 2 for injectable and nasal), Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) (Category 3), Anastrozole (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug) | |
| Ozempic (semaglutide) injection, prescribing information, DailyMed, label revised October 2025 | FDA via DailyMed | No date | Semaglutide (Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease; to reduce the risk of sustained eGFR decline, end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular death in adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease) | |
| Egrifta SV (tesamorelin) for injection, prescribing information, DailyMed | FDA via DailyMed | No date | Tesamorelin (Indicated for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected adult patients with lipodystrophy. Limitations of use: long-term cardiovascular safety has not been established; not indicated for weight loss management) | |
| Mounjaro (tirzepatide) injection, prescribing information, DailyMed | FDA via DailyMed | No date | Tirzepatide (Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus; to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are at high risk for these events) | |
| Wegovy (semaglutide) injection, FDA-approved prescribing information, 2025 (NDA 215256, supplement 24) | FDA via DailyMed | No date | Semaglutide (Indicated in combination with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with established cardiovascular disease and either obesity or overweight; to reduce excess body weight and maintain weight reduction long term in adults and pediatric patients aged 12 years and older with obesity and adults with overweight with at least one weight-related comorbid condition; for the treatment of noncirrhotic metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis) | |
| Rybelsus and Ozempic (oral semaglutide) tablets, prescribing information, DailyMed | FDA via DailyMed | No date | Semaglutide (Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk for these events) |
Retracted or withdrawn papers
101 notices across 43 compounds. See all
- Follistatin (FST-344)
Retracted·Retraction: GDF8 promotes the cell invasiveness in human trophoblasts by upregulating the expression of follistatin-like 3 through the ALK5-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway.(2026)Europe PMC - Clomiphene
Expression of concern·Expression of Concern: Metformin in the treatment of clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilisation treatment: A randomised controlled trial.(2026)Europe PMC - Liraglutide
Retracted·RETRACTED: Paladugu et al. Liraglutide Has Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Amyloid Properties in Streptozotocin-Induced and 5xFAD Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 860.(2026)Europe PMC - Urolithin A
Retracted·RETRACTED: Kshirsagar et al. A Combination Therapy of Urolithin A+EGCG Has Stronger Protective Effects than Single Drug Urolithin A in a Humanized Amyloid Beta Knockin Mice for Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2022, 11, 2660.(2026)Europe PMC - Clomiphene
Retracted·Retraction Notice: Rosiglitazone as Treatment for Clomiphene Citrate-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Factors Associated with Clinical Response.(2026)Europe PMC - SR9009 (Stenabolic)
Retracted·Retraction notice to "SR9009 attenuates inflammation-related NPMSC pyroptosis and IVDD through NR1D1/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway" [iScience 27 (2024) 109733].(2026)Europe PMC - L-Carnitine (Levocarnitine)
Retracted·RETRACTED: Uner et al. Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of L-Carnitine-Loaded Nanoparticles in Combating Obesity. Molecules 2023, 28, 7115.(2026)Europe PMC - L-Carnitine (Levocarnitine)
Expression of concern·EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Hypoxia-Induced Deactivation of NGF-Mediated ERK1/2 Signaling in Hippocampal Cells: Neuroprotection by Acetyl-L-Carnitine.(2026)Europe PMC - Clomiphene
Expression of concern·Expression of Concern: Supplementation of clomiphene citrate cycles with Cimicifuga racemosa or ethinyl oestradiol - a randomized trial. [Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009, Vol 19. No 4. p501-507].(2026)Europe PMC - TUDCA
Retracted·Retraction: Administration of tauroursodeoxycholic acid attenuates early brain injury via Akt pathway activation.(2026)Europe PMC
Compounds with no human study (17)
- Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3
- Acetyl Tetrapeptide-5 (Eyeseryl)
- AHK-Cu
- ATX-304 (O-304)
- Chelohart
- CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29)
- CJC-1295 (no DAC) + GHRP-2 blend
- Crystagen
- GLOW blend
- Hexarelin
- Ipamorelin + CJC-1295 (no DAC) blend
- PE-22-28
- PEG-MGF
- Progeline (Trifluoroacetyl Tripeptide-2)
- Sermorelin + Ipamorelin blend
- Stamakort
- Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin blend
Compounds with nothing published (36)
- Adamax
- Bonomarlot
- Bonothyrk
- Cartalax
- Cerluten
- Coremend blend (TB-500 / BPC-157 / KPV)
- Endoluten
- FLGR242
- Glandokort
- Gotratix
- KLOW blend
- Libidon
- Lipo-C (MIC blend)
- Melanotan III
- MitoPrime blend (NAD+ / MOTS-c / 5-Amino-1MQ)
- MK-777
- Myristoyl Pentapeptide-17
- N-Acetyl Epitalon Amidate
- N-Acetyl Selank Amidate
- N-Acetyl Semax
- N-Acetyl Semax Amidate
- Ovagen
- Pal-AHK
- PDA (Pentadeca Arginate)
- Pielotax
- PT-142
- Regeno blend (BPC-157 / TB-500 / Cartalax)
- Suprefort
- Svetinorm
- Taxorest
- Testoluten
- Thyreogen
- Vesilute
- Visoluten
- Vladonix
- Zhenoluten
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