Retracted and withdrawn papers on peptides

144 notices across 62 compounds, taken from the publishers' own notices in the indexed records. Where a paper and its retraction notice are both indexed, they appear once.

Clomiphene (22)

Retracted·Retraction statement: Nitric oxide donors increase the pregnancy rate in patients with unexplained infertility undergoing clomiphene citrate stimulation and intrauterine insemination: A randomized controlled pilot study.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Expression of Concern: Medical vs. surgical treatment for clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·RETRACTION: Short-Term Metformin Treatment for Clomiphene Citrate-Resistant Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·RETRACTION: Reproductive Outcome after Letrozole versus Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling for Clomiphene-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Expression of Concern: Metformin in the treatment of clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilisation treatment: A randomised controlled trial.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction Notice: Rosiglitazone as Treatment for Clomiphene Citrate-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Factors Associated with Clinical Response.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Expression of Concern: Supplementation of clomiphene citrate cycles with Cimicifuga racemosa or ethinyl oestradiol - a randomized trial. [Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009, Vol 19. No 4. p501-507].(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction notice to "Long-term use of clomiphene citrate in induction of ovulation in PCO patients with clomiphene citrate resistance" [J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 46/7 (2017) 575-577].(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction Note: Letrozole versus clomiphene citrate for superovulation in Egyptian women with unexplained infertility: a randomized controlled trial.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction Note To: High Dose of Phytoestrogens Can Reverse the Antiestrogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate on the Endometrium in Patients Undergoing Intrauterine Insemination: A Randomized Trial.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Statement of Retraction: The adjuvant effect of metformin and N-acetylcysteine to clomiphene citrate in induction of ovulation in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.(2025)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·[Expression of Concern] Randomized controlled trial comparing letrozole with laparoscopic ovarian drilling in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction notice to .ÇÿEffect of N-acetyl-cysteine after ovarian drilling in clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS women: a pilot study.ÇÖ.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction notice to "Use of ethinyl estradiol to reverse the antiestrogenic effects of clomiphene citrate in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination: a comparative, randomized study" (Fertil Steril 2020;73: 85-89).(2025)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Combined Metformin and Clomiphene Citrate Versus Laparoscopic Ovarian Diathermy for Ovulation Induction in Clomiphene-Resistant Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Statement of Retraction: Clomiphene citrate combined with metformin versus letrozole for induction of ovulation in clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.(2024)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction notice to "Combined coenzyme Q10 and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in clomiphene-citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome" RBMO 29/1 (2014) 119-124.(2023)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction notice to "Clomiphene citrate plus N-acetyl cysteine versus clomiphene citrate for augmenting ovulation in the management of unexplained infertility: a randomized double-blind controlled trial".(2023)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction Note: Sequential clomiphene citrate/hMG versus hMG for ovulation induction in clomiphene citrate-resistant women.(2022)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·The efficacy of vitamin D combined with clomiphene citrate in ovulation induction in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a double blind, randomized clinical trial.(2020)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or ComplianceBoth
Retracted·Long-term use of clomiphene citrate in induction of ovulation in PCO patients with clomiphene citrate resistance.(2017)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Combined coenzyme Q10 and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in clomiphene-citrate-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome.(2014)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Duplication of/in Article, Euphemisms for Duplication, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Unreliable Data, Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)Both

Carbetocin (Pabal, Duratocin) (14)

Retracted·Retraction statement: carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in obese nulliparous women undergoing emergency cesarean delivery.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction statement: Carbetocin versus syntometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Expression of Concern: Carbetocin versus oxytocin in the management of atonic post partum haemorrhage (PPH) after vaginal delivery: a randomized controlled trial.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Carbetocin versus Oxytocin with or without Tranexamic Acid for Prophylactic Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage after a Vaginal Delivery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.(2023)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Objections by Author(s), Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Retracted·Carbetocin Controls Intraoperative Blood Loss and Thickness of Myometrium in Scar Uterus Cases.(2022)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare, Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions, Concerns/Issues about Peer Review, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Retracted·Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in hypertensive women undergoing elective cesarean section.(2020)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Expression of concern·Carbetocin versus rectal misoprostol for management of third stage of labor among women with low risk of postpartum hemorrhage.(2019)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Different routes and forms of uterotonics for treatment of retained placenta: a randomized clinical trial.(2016)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Objections by Author(s), Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Unreliable DataBoth
Retracted·Carbetocin versus syntometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section.(2016)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions, Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)Both
Expression of concern·Carbetocin versus oxytocin in the management of atonic post partum haemorrhage (PPH) after vaginal delivery: a randomised controlled trial.(2015)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in obese nulliparous women undergoing emergency cesarean delivery.(2015)
Author Unresponsive, Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not AvailableBoth
Expression of concern·Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery in high risk women.(2015)
Concerns/Issues about DataBoth
Expression of concern·Carbetocin versus sublingual misoprostol plus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at cesarean section in patients with risk factors: a randomized, open trail study.(2013)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Carbetocin versus syntometrine in the management of third stage of labor following vaginal delivery.(2011)
Europe PMC

Cerebrolysin (10)

Retracted·Retraction: Regional Comparison of the Neurogenic Effects of CNTF-Derived Peptides and Cerebrolysin in AβPP Transgenic Mice.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction Note: Neurotrophic effects of Cerebrolysin in the Mecp2308/Y transgenic model of Rett syndrome.(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction Note: Cerebrolysin™ efficacy in a transgenic model of tauopathy: role in regulation of mitochondrial structure.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Cerebrolysin Attenuates Exacerbation of Neuropathic Pain, Blood-spinal Cord Barrier Breakdown and Cord Pathology Following Chronic Intoxication of Engineered Ag, Cu or Al (50-60 nm) Nanoparticles.(2023)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Co-Administration of TiO2 Nanowired Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Cerebrolysin Potentiates Neprilysin Level and Reduces Brain Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease.(2018)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Timed Release of Cerebrolysin Using Drug-Loaded Titanate Nanospheres Reduces Brain Pathology and Improves Behavioral Functions in Parkinson's Disease.(2018)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin in triple repeat Tau transgenic model of Pick's disease and fronto-temporal tauopathies.(2015)
Concerns/Issues about Image, Duplication of/in Image, Euphemisms for Duplication, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Retracted·Potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in management of Alzheimer's disease in female rats.(2014)
Duplication of/in ArticleBoth
Retracted·Candesartan and glycyrrhizin ameliorate ischemic brain damage through downregulation of the TLR signaling cascade.(2013)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Neurofibrillary and neurodegenerative pathology in APP-transgenic mice injected with AAV2-mutant TAU: neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin.(2009)
Europe PMC

Apelin (6)

Expression of concern·Tumor microenvironment-based signatures distinguish intratumoral heterogeneity, prognosis, and immunogenomic features of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.(2023)
Europe PMC
Retracted·RETRACTED: The Investigation of Apelin and Apelin Receptor Expressions in Mouse Endometrium During Peri-Implantation Period(2022)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Apelin Alleviates Meniscus Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Osteoarthritis.(2022)
Europe PMC
Retracted·APLNR promotes the progression of osteosarcoma by stimulating cell proliferation and invasion.(2019)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction: Apelin Receptor (APJ) Expression during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children Undergoing Surgical Repair.(2018)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Effect of apelin on the cardiac hemodynamics in hypertensive rats with heart failure.(2014)
Europe PMC

GW501516 (Cardarine) (6)

Retracted·PPARδ binding to heme oxygenase 1 promoter prevents angiotensin II-induced adipocyte dysfunction in Goldblatt hypertensive rats.(2013)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway by cPLA2alpha and PPARdelta.(2008)
Duplication of/in Image, Falsification/Fabrication of Image, Investigation by Company/InstitutionBoth
Retracted·Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta induces lung cancer growth via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator gamma-1alpha.(2008)
Falsification/Fabrication of Image, Investigation by Company/Institution, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Manipulation of Images, Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s), Misconduct by AuthorBoth
Retracted·PPARbeta/delta agonist stimulates human lung carcinoma cell growth through inhibition of PTEN expression: the involvement of PI3K and NF-kappaB signals.(2008)
Author Unresponsive, Duplication of/in Image, Investigation by Company/Institution, Manipulation of ImagesBoth
Retracted·Retracted: A novel positive feedback loop between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta and prostaglandin E2 signaling pathways for human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth.(2006)
Duplication of Data, Duplication of/in ImageBoth
Retracted·Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) increases the expression of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP4. The roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta.(2005)
Notice - Limited or No InformationBoth

L-Carnitine (Levocarnitine) (5)

Retracted·RETRACTED: Uner et al. Assessing the In Vitro and In Vivo Performance of L-Carnitine-Loaded Nanoparticles in Combating Obesity. Molecules 2023, 28, 7115.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Hypoxia-Induced Deactivation of NGF-Mediated ERK1/2 Signaling in Hippocampal Cells: Neuroprotection by Acetyl-L-Carnitine.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·EXPRESSION OF CONCERN: Acetyl-L-Carnitine-Mediated Neuroprotection During Hypoxia Is Attributed to ERK1/2-Nrf2-Regulated Mitochondrial Biosynthesis.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Retraction of "Acetyl-l-carnitine increases artemin level and prevents neurotrophic factor alterations during neuropathy" [Neuroscience 167(4) (2010) 1168-1174].(2024)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Pharmacotherapy for adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.(2021)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Error in Analyses, Error in Methods, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Retract and ReplaceBoth

HMG (Menotropin) (4)

Retracted·TJZYF Improves Endometrial Receptivity through Regulating VEGF and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.(2022)
Compromised Peer Review, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Paper Mill, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Retracted·Efficacy of Letrozole Combined with Urinary Gonadotropin for Ovulation Induction in Endocrine Abnormal Infertility Patients: A Retrospective Single-Center, Case-Control Study.(2022)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Concerns/Issues about Human Subject Welfare, Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions, Concerns/Issues about Peer Review, Informed/Patient Consent - None/Withdrawn, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or Compliance, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Withdrawn·WITHDRAWN: Human menopausal gonadotropin versus recombinant follicle stimulation hormone for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive cycles.(2011)
Europe PMC
Withdrawn·WITHDRAWN: Follicle-stimulating hormone and human menopausal gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles.(1996)
Europe PMC

SR9009 (Stenabolic) (4)

Retracted·Retraction notice to "SR9009 attenuates inflammation-related NPMSC pyroptosis and IVDD through NR1D1/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway" [iScience 27 (2024) 109733].(2026)
Europe PMC
Retracted·SR9009 attenuates inflammation-related NPMSC pyroptosis and IVDD through NR1D1/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway.(2024)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Melatonin Attenuates Dysregulation of the Circadian Clock Pathway in Mice With CCl4-Induced Fibrosis and Human Hepatic Stellate Cells.(2018)
Duplication of/in Image, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Unreliable Data, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Retracted·Melatonin modulates dysregulated circadian clocks in mice with diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.(2018)
Concerns/Issues about Image, Duplication of/in Image, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Objections by Author(s), Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth

Certepetide (3)

Expression of concern·Editor's note to "Ultrasound image-guided cancer gene therapy using iRGD dual-targeted magnetic cationic microbubbles" [Biomed. Pharmacother. 172 (2024) 116221].(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·RETRACTED: Preparation of Pluronic F127 Hydrogel Loaded with BIF1-iRGD Recombinant Protein for its Targeted Anti-cancer Effects(2024)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Ultrasound image-guided cancer gene therapy using iRGD dual-targeted magnetic cationic microbubbles.(2024)
Europe PMC

GDF-11 (3)

Retracted·GDF11 enhances therapeutic functions of mesenchymal stem cells for angiogenesis.(2021)
Duplication of/in Article, Error in Data, Error in Image, Euphemisms for Duplication, Unreliable DataBoth
Retracted·In Silico Characterization of Growth Differentiation Factors as Inhibitors of TNF-Alpha and IL-6 in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis.(2021)
Computer-Aided Content or Computer-Generated Content, Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Concerns/Issues about Peer Review, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Paper Mill, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth
Retracted·Overexpression of circRNA circUCK2 Attenuates Cell Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via miR-125b-5p/GDF11 Signaling.(2020)
Europe PMC

Anamorelin (2)

Retracted·[Retracted] Predictors of efficacy of anamorelin in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer and cachexia: A retrospective study.(2024)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Predictors of efficacy of anamorelin in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer and cachexia: A retrospective study.(2023)
Lack of IRB/IACUC Approval and/or ComplianceBoth

Cabergoline (2)

Retracted·RETRACTION: Randomized Trial of Combined Cabergoline And Coasting in Preventing Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome During in Vitro Fertilization/intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycles.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Does cabergoline help in decreasing endometrioma size compared to LHRH agonist? A prospective randomized study.(2014)
Europe PMC

Cetrorelix (Cetrotide) (2)

Expression of concern·Laparoscopic ovarian drilling versus GnRH antagonist combined with cabergoline as a prophylaxis against the re-development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.(2018)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Does dehydroepiandrosterone improve pregnancy rate in women undergoing IVF/ICSI with expected poor ovarian response according to the Bologna criteria? A randomized controlled trial.(2016)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Methods, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Error in Results and/or Conclusions, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth

Cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Restasis) (2)

Retracted·Efficacy and safety of water-free topical cyclosporine for moderate to severe dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Comparison of 0.05% cyclosporine and 3% diquafosol solution for dry eye patients: a randomized, blinded, multicenter clinical trial.(2019)
Europe PMC

Dihexa (2)

Retracted·The procognitive and synaptogenic effects of angiotensin IV-derived peptides are dependent on activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-met system.(2014)
Concerns/Issues about ImageBoth
Expression of concern·Evaluation of metabolically stabilized angiotensin IV analogs as procognitive/antidementia agents.(2012)
Concerns/Issues about ImageBoth

Dulaglutide (Trulicity) (2)

Retracted·A feasibility study of the combination of intranasal insulin with dulaglutide for cognition in older adults with metabolic syndrome at high dementia risk - Study rationale and design.(2023)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Dulaglutide mitigates high dietary fructose-induced renal fibrosis in rats through suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediated by GSK-3β/TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathways.(2022)
Duplication of/in Image, Euphemisms for Duplication, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Unreliable DataBoth

Exenatide (Byetta / Bydureon) (2)

Expression of concern·Exenatide once a week versus placebo as a potential disease-modifying treatment for people with Parkinson's disease in the UK: a phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.(2025)
Europe PMC
Retracted·RETRACTED: Chung et al. Long-Lasting Exendin-4-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Ameliorate Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage in Diabetic Rats. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 390.(2024)
Europe PMC

Follistatin (FST-344) (2)

Retracted·Retraction: GDF8 promotes the cell invasiveness in human trophoblasts by upregulating the expression of follistatin-like 3 through the ALK5-SMAD2/3 signaling pathway.(2026)
Europe PMC
Expression of concern·Axon guidance cue SLIT2 regulates the murine skeletal stem cell niche through sympathetic innervation.(2025)
Europe PMC

Lixisenatide (Adlyxin) (2)

Retracted·GLP-1 receptor agonist lixisenatide protects against high free fatty acids-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response.(2019)
Error in Data, Results Not ReproducibleBoth
Retracted·Lixisenatide protects doxorubicin-induced renal fibrosis by activating wNF-κB/TNF-α and TGF-β/Smad pathways.(2019)
Author Unresponsive, Duplication of/in Image, Investigation by Third Party, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Unreliable DataBoth

Lutetium-177 dotatate (Lutathera) (2)

Retracted·Efficacy and Safety of Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for the Treatment of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies.(2025)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Unreliable DataBoth
Withdrawn·Withdrawn: Comparative Evaluation of 99mTc-Octreotide for Diagnostic Accuracy Assessment and Localization of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE in Neuroendocrine Tumors(2025)
Europe PMC

Nerinetide (NA-1) (2)

Retracted·Retraction to: Delayed Administration of Tat-HA-NR2B9c Promotes Recovery After Stroke in Rats.(2020)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Delayed Administration of Tat-HA-NR2B9c Promotes Recovery After Stroke in Rats.(2015)
Duplication of/in Image, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not AvailableBoth

Noopept (Omberacetam) (2)

Retracted·Retraction notice to "Noopept; a nootropic dipeptide, modulates persistent inflammation by effecting spinal microglia dependent Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) and pro-BDNF expression throughout apoptotic process" [Heliyon (2021) e06219].(2021)
Europe PMC
Retracted·Noopept; a nootropic dipeptide, modulates persistent inflammation by effecting spinal microglia dependent Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) and pro-BDNF expression throughout apoptotic process.(2021)
Duplication of/in Image, Investigation by Third Party, Manipulation of ImagesBoth

PT-141 (Bremelanotide) (2)

Expression of concern·Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.(2008)
Notice - Unable to Access via current resourcesBoth
Retracted·RETRACTED: Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of bremelanotide, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in female subjects with arousal disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled, fixed dose, randomized study.(2007)
Author Unresponsive, Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth

Spexin (2)

Withdrawn·WITHDRAWN: Spexin alleviates renal injury in streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy rat model(2025)
Europe PMC
Withdrawn·WITHDRAWN: Spexin Levels are Associated with Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy(2023)
Europe PMC

Urolithin A (2)

Ac-SDKP (TB-500 Fragment 1-4) (1)

Expression of concern·Effects of thymosin β4 and its N-terminal fragment Ac-SDKP on TGF-β-treated human lung fibroblasts and in the mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis.(2015)
Europe PMC

Adropin (1)

Retracted·Adropin Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Osteogenic Differentiation to Alleviate Vascular Calcification via the JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway.(2022)
Compromised Peer Review, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Paper Mill, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth

AICAR (1)

Retracted·Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase by the anti-diabetic drug metformin in vivo. Role of mitochondrial reactive nitrogen species.(2004)
Duplication of/in Image, Original Data and/or Images not Provided and/or not Available, Upgrade/Update of Prior Notice(s)Both

Amyloid Beta (1)

Retracted·'Clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease': immunotherapy approaches.(2011)
Euphemisms for Plagiarism, Plagiarism of/in ArticleBoth

Aprotinin (1)

Retracted·The influence of aprotinin and tranexamic acid on platelet function and postoperative blood loss in cardiac surgery.(2008)
Europe PMC

BPC-157 (1)

Retracted·Withdrawn: Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy of Severe Electrolyte Disturbances in Rats(2025)
Europe PMC

Cilengitide (EMD 121974) (1)

Retracted·Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells During Liver Carcinogenesis Requires Fibrinogen/Integrin αvβ5 in Zebrafish.(2018)
Europe PMC

EPO (Erythropoietin) (1)

Retracted·Tracheobronchial transplantation with a stem-cell-seeded bioartificial nanocomposite: a proof-of-concept study.(2011)
Criminal Proceedings, Ethical Violations by Author, Falsification/Fabrication of Data, Investigation by Company/Institution, Misconduct - Official Investigation(s) and/or Finding(s), Misconduct by AuthorBoth

Ganirelix (Orgalutran) (1)

Retracted·Effects of Low Luteinizing Hormone Serum Levels on Oocyte Retrieval, Fertilization Rate, and Embryo Quality during Controlled Ovarian Stimulation: Results from a Prospective Cohort Analysis.(2023)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth

Ghrelin (lenomorelin) (1)

Expression of concern·Green tea polyphenols ameliorate metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance by enhancing insulin signalling in skeletal muscle of Zucker fatty rats.(2020)
Europe PMC

HGH (Somatropin) (1)

Retracted·Effect of Vitamin D Combined with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency.(2022)
Concerns/Issues about Data, Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions, Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions, Concerns/Issues about Peer Review, Investigation by Journal/Publisher, Investigation by Third Party, Computer-Aided Content or Computer-Generated Content, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth

Humanin (1)

Retracted·S14G-humanin inhibits Aβ1-42 fibril formation, disaggregates preformed fibrils, and protects against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in vitro.(2013)
Error in Image, Euphemisms for Plagiarism, Plagiarism of ImageBoth

Letrozole (1)

Retracted·RETRACTION: Reproductive Outcome after Letrozole versus Laparoscopic Ovarian Drilling for Clomiphene-Resistant Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.(2026)
Europe PMC

Linaclotide (Linzess) (1)

Retracted·Comparison of acupuncture and other drugs for chronic constipation: A network meta-analysis.(2018)
Error in Analyses, Error in Data, Error in Methods, Error in Results and/or Conclusions, Error in Text, Bias Issues or Lack of Balance, Objections by Author(s), Unreliable Data, Unreliable Results and/or ConclusionsBoth