Peptide Decoding
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The published record

What has actually been published about each compound, and by whom.

Labeled peptide research vials: Semaglutide, GHK-Cu, CJC-1295 Ipamorelin blend, NAD+, Retatrutide, BPC-157, AOD9604, and TB-500

This index holds every record Europe PMC returns for the 232 compounds in the library: journal articles, reviews, preprints and patents. Each record is tagged by species, study type and licence using the database's own indexing. Nothing here is written by us. Every entry is a real document with a real identifier, stored exactly as the source returned it.

The classifications are automatic and are labelled as such. Where a record has no indexing, it is marked unknown rather than guessed. Records not in English are counted but have not been read.

Retractions, withdrawals and expressions of concern are shown free on every compound page. The record-level search is part of Pro.

Compounds indexed
231Compounds indexed
Records
336,107Records
No human study
17No human study
Nothing published
36Nothing published

Where the evidence comes from one lab

15 compounds

A high share means most of what is published about a compound comes from a single research group. That is not a verdict on the work. It is a reason to look for independent replication before trusting the numbers. The last column shows who wrote the most-cited paper. When it is the same name, the field's attention and its output come from the same place.

CompoundRecordsSenior authorShareMost cited by
GB-11528Seredenin SB68%Seredenin SB
BPC-157235Sikiric P41%Marović A
Davunetide (NAP)185Gozes I30%Gozes I
Pancragen20Ryzhak Galina Anatolievna25%Vanyushin BF
SHLP227Cohen P22%Cohen P
Thymosin Beta-1542Bao Lere21%Zetter BR
PNC-2725Bowne WB20%Lu X
Noopept (Omberacetam)113Seredenin SB19%Busciglio J
Ecnoglutide31Pan H16%Mantzoros CS
Macimorelin (Macrilen)44Christ-Crain M16%Wei GW
Selank71Myasoedov NF16%Myasoedov NF
GHRP-166Lefker Bruce Allen15%Camanni F
Pemvidutide34Harris MS15%Harris MS
Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4)55Hamley IW14%Bissett DL
CJC-1295 with DAC39Thevis M13%Thevis M

A trial that was registered and never posted results is not evidence. It is a question.

Registered trials, and how many reported

CompoundRegisteredWith resultsStopped
Gonadorelin (GnRH)11573812
EPO (Erythropoietin)10513415
Letrozole902178
HGH (Somatropin)8202216
Semaglutide76091
Tamoxifen6821714
Leuprolide (Lupron)519349
Liraglutide5142810
Anastrozole4942416
Goserelin (Zoladex)4162811
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)408126
Exenatide (Byetta / Bydureon)378347
Methylene Blue338114
L-Carnitine (Levocarnitine)31499
Triptorelin312158

A determination is a regulator's published position on a specific compound. Read the document; the summary here is ours.

Where regulators have ruled

DocumentIssuerDateCompounds covered
Warning letter to Royal Peptides LLC, MARCS-CMS 734884, August 24, 2026: unapproved new drugs, misbrandedFDA2026-08-24Retatrutide (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), PT-141 (Bremelanotide) (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Semaglutide (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Tesamorelin (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Tesamorelin + Ipamorelin blend (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), Tirzepatide (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026)), SS-31 (Elamipretide) (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Royal Peptides, August 2026))
Warning letter to Wholesale Peptide, MARCS-CMS 729447, June 17, 2026: unapproved new drugsFDA2026-06-17Prostamax (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Wholesale Peptide, June 2026)), Gonadorelin (GnRH) (Vendor product named as an unapproved new drug (Wholesale Peptide, June 2026))
Import Alert 66-41: Detention Without Physical Examination of Unapproved New Drugs Promoted in the U.S., revised May 19, 2026FDA2026-05-19Triptorelin (Named on the alert), Melanotan II (Named on the alert (Melanotan I and II)), Melanotan I (Afamelanotide) (Named on the alert (Melanotan I and II))
Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A (interim categories 1, 2, 3), updated May 14, 2026FDA2026-05-14Kisspeptin (Category 2), GHK (copper-free) (Category 1, except injectable routes), GHK-Cu (Category 1, except injectable routes), GHRP-2 (Category 3), GHRP-6 (Category 3), Glutathione (Category 1), Enclomiphene (Category 1), MGF (Mechano Growth Factor) (Category 3), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (Category 2), NAD+ (Category 1), Thymulin (Category 3), VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) (Category 1), ARA-290 (Cibinetide) (Category 3)
Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding that May Present Significant Safety Risks (category 2 and withdrawn nominations), current as of April 22, 2026FDA2026-04-22BPC-157 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2 (503A)), CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), CJC-1295 with DAC (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Dihexa (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide) (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Epitalon (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), GHK-Cu (Injectable route: nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), GHRP-2 (In category 2 (503B), injectable and nasal routes), GHRP-6 (In category 2 (503B)), Ipamorelin (In category 2 (503B); nomination withdrawn from 503A), Kisspeptin (In category 2 (503A)), KPV (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), LL-37 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Melanotan II (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (In category 2 (503A and 503B)), MOTS-c (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), PEG-MGF (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Selank (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Semax (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), Thymosin Alpha-1 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2), AOD-9604 (Nominated but withdrawn; previously category 2)
Zepbound (tirzepatide) injection, prescribing information, DailyMed, revised April 2026FDA via DailyMed2026-04-22Tirzepatide (Indicated in combination with a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity to reduce excess body weight and maintain weight reduction long term in adults with obesity or adults with overweight in the presence of at least one weight-related comorbid condition; to treat moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity)
World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List 2026, in effect 1 January 2026WADA2025-09-11Sermorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (sermorelin named). Non-Specified.), ACE-031 (Ramatercept) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Agents preventing activin receptor IIB activation: decoy activin receptors (e.g. ACE-031). Non-Specified.), AICAR (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.4.1 Metabolic modulators: activators of AMPK, e.g. AICAR. Non-Specified.), Anastrozole (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.1 Aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole named). Specified Substance.), AOD-9604 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.3 growth hormone fragments, e.g. AOD-9604 and hGH 176-191. Non-Specified.), Apitegromab (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Myostatin- or precursor-neutralizing antibodies (e.g. apitegromab). Non-Specified.), Bimagrumab (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Anti-activin receptor IIB antibodies (e.g. bimagrumab). Non-Specified.), BPC-157 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S0 Non-approved substances: named as an example. Specified Substance.), CJC-1295 no DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (e.g. CJC-1293, CJC-1295, sermorelin and tesamorelin). Non-Specified.), CJC-1295 with DAC (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (e.g. CJC-1293, CJC-1295, sermorelin and tesamorelin). Non-Specified.), Clomiphene (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.2 Anti-estrogenic substances (clomifene named). Specified Substance.), Desmopressin (DDAVP) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S5 Diuretics and masking agents (desmopressin named). Specified Substance.), Enclomiphene (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.2 Anti-estrogenic substances; clomifene named, and the class covers substances with a similar chemical structure. Specified Substance.), EPO (Erythropoietin) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.1 Erythropoietins (EPO) and agents affecting erythropoiesis: erythropoietin receptor agonists, e.g. erythropoietins (EPO). Non-Specified.), Follistatin (FST-344) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Myostatin-binding proteins (e.g. follistatin, myostatin propeptide). Non-Specified.), GHRP-1 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-1 named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-2 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-3 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-3 named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-4 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-4 named). Non-Specified.), GHRP-6 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (GHRP-6 named). Non-Specified.), Gonadorelin (GnRH) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH, gonadorelin). Non-Specified.), HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: chorionic gonadotrophin (CG). Non-Specified.), Hexarelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) (examorelin (hexarelin) named). Non-Specified.), HGH (Somatropin) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.3 Growth hormone (GH), its analogues and fragments. Non-Specified.), HGH Fragment 176-191 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.3 growth hormone fragments, e.g. AOD-9604 and hGH 176-191. Non-Specified.), IGF-1 DES (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, mecasermin) and its analogues. Non-Specified.), IGF-1 LR3 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, mecasermin) and its analogues. Non-Specified.), Ipamorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and their mimetics (ipamorelin named). Non-Specified.), Kisspeptin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: kisspeptin and its agonist analogues. Non-Specified.), Letrozole (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.1 Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole named). Specified Substance.), Macimorelin (Macrilen) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and their mimetics (macimorelin named). Non-Specified.), MGF (Mechano Growth Factor) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Mechano growth factors (MGFs). Non-Specified.), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) and their mimetics (ibutamoren (MK-677) named). Non-Specified.), MOTS-c (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.4.1 Metabolic modulators: activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), e.g. mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c). Non-Specified.), PEG-MGF (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Mechano growth factors (MGFs). Non-Specified.), Tamoxifen (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.2 Anti-estrogenic substances (tamoxifen named). Specified Substance.), TB-500 / Thymosin Beta-4 (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.3 Growth factors and growth factor modulators: Thymosin-beta4 and its derivatives e.g. TB-500. Non-Specified.), Tesamorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.4 Growth hormone releasing factors: GHRH and its analogues (tesamorelin named). Non-Specified.), Tesofensine (Prohibited in competition. S6.B Specified stimulants (tesofensine named).), Trevogrumab (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S4.3 Myostatin inhibitors; the list names other myostatin-neutralizing antibodies and covers the class. Non-Specified.), Triptorelin (Prohibited at all times, in and out of competition. S2.2.1 Testosterone-stimulating peptides in males: GnRH agonist analogue (triptorelin named). Non-Specified.)
Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503B (interim categories 1, 2, 3), updated March 21, 2025FDA2025-03-21Thymosin Alpha-1 (Category 3), Sermorelin (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug), Oxytocin (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug), NAD+ (Category 1), MK-677 (Ibutamoren) (Category 2), Ipamorelin (Category 2), Gonadorelin (GnRH) (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug), Glutathione (Category 1), GHRP-6 (Category 2), GHRP-2 (Category 1 except injectable and nasal routes; Category 2 for injectable and nasal), Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) (Category 3), Anastrozole (Category 1, component of an FDA-approved drug)
Ozempic (semaglutide) injection, prescribing information, DailyMed, label revised October 2025FDA via DailyMedNo dateSemaglutide (Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease; to reduce the risk of sustained eGFR decline, end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular death in adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease)
Egrifta SV (tesamorelin) for injection, prescribing information, DailyMedFDA via DailyMedNo dateTesamorelin (Indicated for the reduction of excess abdominal fat in HIV-infected adult patients with lipodystrophy. Limitations of use: long-term cardiovascular safety has not been established; not indicated for weight loss management)
Mounjaro (tirzepatide) injection, prescribing information, DailyMedFDA via DailyMedNo dateTirzepatide (Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus; to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are at high risk for these events)
Wegovy (semaglutide) injection, FDA-approved prescribing information, 2025 (NDA 215256, supplement 24)FDA via DailyMedNo dateSemaglutide (Indicated in combination with a reduced calorie diet and increased physical activity to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with established cardiovascular disease and either obesity or overweight; to reduce excess body weight and maintain weight reduction long term in adults and pediatric patients aged 12 years and older with obesity and adults with overweight with at least one weight-related comorbid condition; for the treatment of noncirrhotic metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) with moderate to advanced liver fibrosis)
Rybelsus and Ozempic (oral semaglutide) tablets, prescribing information, DailyMedFDA via DailyMedNo dateSemaglutide (Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus; to reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes who are at high risk for these events)

Retracted or withdrawn papers

101 notices across 43 compounds. See all

Compounds with no human study (17)
Compounds with nothing published (36)

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